Introduction
I am going to share a small project I did a few days ago. I wanted to use the Raspberry Pi to monitor the temperature in my house and ideally to do it over the internet, so I started looking for a temperature sensor. The first problem is that the Raspberry Pi doesn´t have an Analog to Digital converter, so its GPIO are strictly digital, meaning that simple temperature sensors that output the temperature as a voltage in a range cannot be used directly.
So looking around my house I discovered I had a LaunchPad MSP430 (version G2231) from Texas Instrument, which comes luckily equipped with an internal temperature sensor. I thought I could connect the MSP 430 to the Raspberry Pi so that the latter could read the temperature values from the former. Then I could put the data in a MySQL database on the Rpi side and build a web server to plot that data.
MSP 430
First, we need to set up the MSP 430 to read the temperature values from its internal sensor using an ADC. Then we can set up the i2C in slave transmitter mode (the RPi can only work as a master). If you are starting with the MSP 430, I would recommend taking a look at its user guide and then to analyze some of the examples that come with Code Composer. It has a great debugger that allows you to stop the execution at any moment, look and modify the registers, step by step execution, etc.
Temperature Sensor + ADC
The temperature sensor is described briefly on page 550 of the user guide. It can be sampled by the ADC if we select the register INCx1010 INCHx=1010. Let’s take a look at the code. I used a lot of it from the examples, is not bad if you know what you are doing, but you need to be careful and can´t simply copy and paste different examples.
#include <msp430g2231.h> // It has the definitions for all the registers, modes, etc. unsigned int temp; // holds ADC result char SLV_Data = 0; // Variable for transmitted data int main(void) { WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; // Stop watchdog ADC10CTL1 = INCH_10 + ADC10DIV_3; // Select Channel 10 and clk divided by 4 ADC10CTL0 = SREF_1 + ADC10SHT_3 + REFON + ADC10ON + ADC10IE; // Set Reference value Enable interrupts and turns on the ADC10 TACCR0 = 30; // Delay to allow Ref to settle. Definition in the user guide TACCTL0 |= CCIE; // Interrupt enable for the Capture Compare TACTL = TASSEL_2 | MC_1; // Source clock TACLK = SMCLK, Count mode :Up _EINT(); // General Interrupt Enable while(1) { ADC10CTL0 |= ENC + ADC10SC; // Sampling and conversion start temp = ADC10MEM - 50; } } #pragma vector=ADC10_VECTOR __interrupt void ADC10_ISR (void) { SLV_Data = temp-50; // To the data readed from the ADC (range 0-1023) substract 50. } #pragma vector=TIMERA0_VECTOR __interrupt void ta0_isr(void) { ADC10CTL0 |= ENC; // Enable conversion TACTL = 0; // Clear the Timer A control register }
This is the code for the ADC conversion. If you have any doubt about what I did you can ask in the comments, and look at the User Guide from Texas Instrument. Also, I found really useful to look at the msp430g2231.h To access that file you can hold the ctrl button while you click on it, and it will open in a new tab. There you can see what all those TACTL, ADC10CTL0, etc. are
There is one thing to be noted and is that the value read by the ADC is 10 bits long, however for 2i2 we need packages of 8 bits of data, of course we could split the package of 10 into two packages of 8 bits, one of them containing 6 dummy zeroes, but here comes the trick: the whole range of the thermometer is not needed. A normal house temperature doesn´t range from -50 C to +80 C, so we can omit the two most significant bits (MSB), and make substract or add a value to the variable so a normal temperature stays approx. in the middle range (around 128). That’s why I subtracted 50, so now cold temperatures in the house correspond to 90 while warm ones stay around the 140.
i2C Communication Implementation
Now that we have the value of the temperature in the variable LDta SLVData we need to send it to the Raspberry Pi. We are going to use i2Ci2C for its simplicity. Other protocols such as UART or SPI are somewhat more complicated to implement.
First let’s take a look at the code, here I combined the previous part with this new one so this is the final code:
#include <msp430g2231.h> char SLV_Data = 0; // Variable for transmitted data char SLV_Addr = 0x90; // Address is 0x48 int I2C_State = 0; // State variable unsigned int temp; // holds ADC result unsigned int IntDegC; int main(void) { WDTCTL = WDTPW + WDTHOLD; // Stop watchdog if (CALBC1_1MHZ==0xFF) // If calibration constants erased { while(1); // do not load, trap CPU!! } DCOCTL = 0; // Select lowest DCOx and MODx settings BCSCTL1 = CALBC1_1MHZ; // Set DCO DCOCTL = CALDCO_1MHZ; ADC10CTL1 = INCH_10 + ADC10DIV_3; // Temp Sensor ADC10CLK/4 ADC10CTL0 = SREF_1 + ADC10SHT_3 + REFON + ADC10ON + ADC10IE; // Enable interrupts. TACCR0 = 30; // Delay to allow Ref to settle TACCTL0 |= CCIE; // Compare-mode interrupt. TACTL = TASSEL_2 | MC_1; // TACLK = SMCLK, Up mode. P1OUT = 0xC0; // P1.6 & P1.7 Pullups P1REN |= 0xC0; // P1.6 & P1.7 Pullups P1DIR = 0xFF; // Unused pins as outputs P2OUT = 0; P2DIR = 0xFF; USICTL0 = USIPE6+USIPE7+USISWRST; // Port & USI mode setup USICTL1 = USII2C+USIIE+USISTTIE; // Enable I2C mode & USI interrupts USICKCTL = USICKPL; // Setup clock polarity USICNT |= USIIFGCC; // Disable automatic clear control USICTL0 &= ~USISWRST; // Enable USI USICTL1 &= ~USIIFG; // Clear pending flag _EINT(); while(1) { ADC10CTL0 |= ENC + ADC10SC; // Sampling and conversion start temp = ADC10MEM - 50; } } //****************************************************** // USI interrupt service routine //****************************************************** #pragma vector = USI_VECTOR __interrupt void USI_TXRX (void) { if (USICTL1 & USISTTIFG) // Start entry? { P1OUT |= 0x01; // LED on: Sequence start I2C_State = 2; // Enter 1st state on start } switch(I2C_State) { case 0: //Idle, should not get here break; case 2: //RX Address USICNT = (USICNT & 0xE0) + 0x08; // Bit counter = 8, RX Address USICTL1 &= ~USISTTIFG; // Clear start flag I2C_State = 4; // Go to next state: check address break; case 4: // Process Address and send (N)Ack if (USISRL & 0x01) // If read... SLV_Addr++; // Save R/W bit USICTL0 |= USIOE; // SDA = output if (USISRL == SLV_Addr) // Address match? { USISRL = 0x00; // Send Ack P1OUT &= ~0x01; // LED off I2C_State = 8; // Go to next state: TX data } else { USISRL = 0xFF; // Send NAck P1OUT |= 0x01; // LED on: error I2C_State = 6; // Go to next state: prep for next Start } USICNT |= 0x01; // Bit counter = 1, send (N)Ack bit break; case 6: // Prep for Start condition USICTL0 &= ~USIOE; // SDA = input SLV_Addr = 0x90; // Reset slave address I2C_State = 0; // Reset state machine break; case 8: // Send Data byte USICTL0 |= USIOE; // SDA = output USISRL = SLV_Data; // Send data byte USICNT |= 0x08; // Bit counter = 8, TX data I2C_State = 10; // Go to next state: receive (N)Ack break; case 10:// Receive Data (N)Ack USICTL0 &= ~USIOE; // SDA = input USICNT |= 0x01; // Bit counter = 1, receive (N)Ack I2C_State = 12; // Go to next state: check (N)Ack break; case 12:// Process Data Ack/NAck if (USISRL & 0x01) // If Nack received... { P1OUT |= 0x01; // LED on: error } else // Ack received { P1OUT &= ~0x01; // LED off SLV_Data++; // Increment Slave data } // Prep for Start condition USICTL0 &= ~USIOE; // SDA = input SLV_Addr = 0x90; // Reset slave address I2C_State = 0; // Reset state machine break; } USICTL1 &= ~USIIFG; // Clear pending flags } #pragma vector=ADC10_VECTOR __interrupt void ADC10_ISR (void) { SLV_Data = temp-50; } #pragma vector=TIMERA0_VECTOR __interrupt void ta0_isr(void) { ADC10CTL0 |= ENC; TACTL = 0; }
Now, this part is slightly more complicated. Usually, people rely on a library to ease i2C operations, here the whole implementation of the i2C state machine is displayed. You don’t really need to go through all the operations, but if you are curious, with the user guide you should be able to decode what the code is doing. Is also complicated to debug an i2C slave transmitter code since you need a master to generate the clock signal and to send the address, etc.
Once this code is compiled and pushed into the MSP 430, we are ready to jump to the RPi side.
Raspberry Pi
The first thing to do in the RPi is the interconnection for the i2Ci2C protocol. The pin 1.6 is SCL and the pin 1.7 is SDA so the should be connected respectively to Pin 5 and Pin 3 of the RPi (Model B 512 Mbytes RAM).
We should also add a pull-up resistor on those lines to ensure the pins are never floating. I choose values of 2KΩ2KΩ and they are working just fine.
Turn for the software side on the raspberry pi. First is to add the i2Ci2C modules to the kernel. I will not enter on much more detail here. There is an excellent guide that will take you through the process here.
After that, if you run $ i2cdetect -y 1 you should see your MSP430 listening for your orders.
pi@raspberrypi ~ $ sudo i2cdetect -y 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 a b c d e f 00: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 10: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 20: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 30: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 40: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 48 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 50: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 60: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 70: -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
Now is the turn for the python code to obtain the values every minute (you can choose whatever you want). I decided to store the value in a MySQL database. I found this guide, that was perfect! I did mostly the same except for adding the field Zone, as I only had one thermometer, it is not needed.
sudo apt-get install mysql-server python-mysqldb
Once completed we can go ahead:
$ mysql -u root -p Enter password: mysql> CREATE DB temps; mysql> USE temps; mysql> CREATE USER 'monitor'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password'; mysql> GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON temps.* TO 'monitor'@'localhost' mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES; mysql> CREATE TABLE tempdat (tdate DATE, ttime TIME, temperature NUMERIC);
#!/usr/bin/env python import time import os import sys import MySQLdb import smbus bus = smbus.SMBus(1) address = 0x48; db = MySQLdb.connect("localhost", "monitor", "password", "temps") curs=db.cursor() def readTemp(): temp = bus.read_byte(address) return temp while True: time.sleep(60) # wait for 60 seconds to record next temperature temp = readTemp(); print (temp) # Used for debugging time.sleep(1) curs.execute ("""INSERT INTO tempdat values(CURRENT_DATE(), NOW(), %s)""",temp) db.commit()
All pretty simple stuff. Now are system is mainly completed but data is useless unless we can access it! So I created a web server that will serve a website plotting the data. Now we have our database ready to be populated. Lets then get to our python code.
Web server to plot the data
First, we need to install apache on the RPi. To do so I followed this guide from Instructables. After, you should be able to introduce the local IP address of your RPi, in my case 192.168.0.103 and see the “it works!” website located in the /var/www of your RPi.
To plot the data I used the library Charts.JS I simply downloaded the .js file from GitHub and put it in the folder /var/www. And then I coded this small website.
<!doctype html>
<html>
<head>
<?php
ini_set('display_errors', 'On');
error_reporting(E_ALL);
// Create connection
$con=mysql_connect("localhost","monitor","password","temps");
// Check connection
if (mysqli_connect_errno())
{
echo "Failed to connect to MySQL: " . mysqli_connect_error();
}
// Query the data from the last two days of temperatures
$data = mysql_query("SELECT * FROM temps.tempdat WHERE tdate >= DATE_SUB(CURRENT_DATE, INTERVAL 2 DAY)");
if (!$data) { // add this check.
die('Invalid query: ' . mysql_error());
}
$Temp = array();
$avgTemp = array();
$contador = 0;
// Get all the temperature records in array
while($info = mysql_fetch_array( $data ))
{
$Temp[$contador] = $info['temperature'];
$contador = $contador + 1;
}
$avgTemp = array_fill(0, count($Temp), 0); // average temperature initialized to zeroes
$tempData="["; // This is the way the data should be given to JS [1,2,3,4...]
$tempLabel = "[";
for ($i = 0; $i < count($Temp) - 10; $i=$i+10) {
for ($j = 0; $j < 10; $j++){
$avgTemp[$i] += 0.10 * intval($Temp[$i+$j]);
}
$tempData .= (string)$avgTemp[$i];
$tempData .= ",";
$tempLabel .= "\"."; // I dont care about the labels, so I used ".." if you want, you can put the date records in here.
$tempLabel .= ".\"";
$tempLabel .= ",";
}
$tempData = substr($tempData, 0, -1); // Remove the last comma of the string [1,3,5,6, => [1,3,5,6
$tempLabel= substr($tempLabel, 0, -1);
$tempData .= "]"; // Close the bracket, [1,3,5,6 => [1,3,5,6]
$tempLabel .= "]";
?>
<title>Temperatura de la Casa</title>
<script src="./Chart.js" type="text/javascript"></script>
<meta name = "viewport" content = "initial-scale = 1, user-scalable = no">
<style>
canvas{
}
</style>
</head>
<body>
<canvas id="canvas" height="600" width="1200"></canvas>
<script>
var lineChartData = {
labels : <?php echo $tempLabel ?>,
datasets : [
{
fillColor : "rgba(151,187,205,0.5)",
strokeColor : "rgba(151,187,205,1)",
pointColor : "rgba(151,187,205,1)",
pointStrokeColor : "#fff",
data : <?php echo $tempData ?>
}
]
}
var myLine = new Chart(document.getElementById("canvas").getContext("2d")).Line(lineChartData);
</script>
</body>
</html>
Conclusion
This concludes my project. RPi + MSP430 + i2C + MySQL + PHP + JavaScript, really complete, multidisciplinary and fun project! Comment if you like. Here is a capture of the temperature inside my house!